SIBUR Modernized Glycol Production SIBUR Modernized Glycol Production
The SIBUR holding company completed a modernization of its production processes at its facilities in the Central region, reducing ethylene consumption in the...
Chemical Materials in Agriculture Chemical Materials in Agriculture:
Science does not stand still, and in agriculture new fertilizers are constantly being invented — formulations to improve the quality of grown produce,...
Overview Article: Ammonium Bifluoride We have prepared an overview article on the chemical properties of Ammonium bifluoride.
The article gives a general description of ammonium bifluoride from the standpoint of chemical reactivity. It...
How to Increase the Fire Resistance of Materials?
Flame retardants are used to improve the fire resistance of materials.
Flame retardants are substances added to materials of organic origin to increase their fire-resistant properties. They slow down the combustion and ignition of the material.
The action of flame retardants is based on:
1. melting...
Classification of dangerous goods by hazard level (ADR hazard class) in Russia is based on GOST 19433-88 "Dangerous goods. Classification and labeling," introduced in 1990.
Classes of Dangerous Goods:
Class
Subclass
Name
1
explosive materials
1.1
explosives with a mass explosion hazard
1.2
explosives with no mass explosion...
Mineral Fertilizers
Everyone knows that various fertilizers, both mineral and organic, are introduced into soil to increase its fertility.
Today the market offers a huge variety of products for mineral soil enrichment. Science continually studies and invents new and new combinations of mineral components, such as potassium, phosphorus, ammonia,...
Fatty acids are defined as aliphatic carboxylic acids.
If the number of carbon atoms is more than six, they are considered fatty, or higher, acids. The number of carbon atoms can be up to 24.
The overwhelming majority of higher acids in the composition of animals (and humans) contain an even number of carbon atoms (due to biosynthesis with coenzyme A) and usually have a slightly branched chain.
Classification
By number of carbon atoms:
higher — 13 atoms or more
medium — from 8 to 12 atoms
lower — 6-7 carbon atoms
By physical state (at room temperature):
liquid — formed by unsaturated acids, often called oils
solid — usually formed by saturated acids
By the type of bonds between carbon atoms:
saturated (for example, Stearic acid) — only single bonds between carbon atoms.
unsaturated (for example, Oleic acid) — also single bonds, but with one double bond present. Triple bonds occur occasionally, but this is more the exception.
polyunsaturated — has two or more carbon double bonds. Such bonds usually pass through a CH2- group.
Unsaturated fatty acids are further divided into:
monoenoic — contain one multiple bond.
polyenoic — have two or more multiple bonds — dienoic (two bonds), trienoic (three), and so on.
Natural unsaturated fatty acids have a stereochemical cis configuration.
Natural acids usually have a simple name, for example, oleic. But for chemical understanding, a structural name is also used. For example, for Oleic acid this would be cis-9-octadecenoic acid. This name immediately gives a specialist the following understanding:
It contains one double bond, i.e., it is unsaturated
It contains 18 carbon atoms
The double bond in the chain starts at the 9th atom
Relative to this bond, the molecule’s configuration is cis-stereochemical
Fatty acids do not dissolve in water, but are well soluble in organic solvents.
The hydrolysis (saponification) process can occur under the action of water (in which case the process is reversible) or under the action of alkali (in which case the process is irreversible).
Soaps — produced by hydrolysis with alkali. In the chemical sense, “soaps” are salts of higher carboxylic acids. It is these that are used as a cleaning agent. Such water-soluble salts are called “alkaline soaps.”
Water-insoluble salts are also distinguished — usually these are salts of metals such as potassium, sodium, and ammonium, for example, of Oleic or Stearic acid. Such soaps are called metallic soaps.
The addition of hydrogen to the residue of unsaturated acids is called fat hydrogenation. In this process, liquid fats become solid (the melting point increases).
All soaps can be divided by:
production method:
polished
glue-based
kernel
intended use:
toilet soap — from acids with 10-16 carbon molecules
special
household and technical — from acids with 17-21 molecules
medical
consistency:
liquid — usually potassium salts
solid — usually sodium salts
paste-like
The final product often includes dyes, fragrances, stabilizers, preservatives, and much more.
Alkaline hydrolysis of fatty acids. This reaction is the saponification process.
In addition to alkali, sulfuric acid can be used — in that case the saponification process will accordingly be acidic.
The products of this reaction are higher carboxylic acids and Glycerin.
The resulting acids, under the action of soda (usually Soda ash) or alkali (usually Caustic soda), form soaps.
In the production of fatty acids, natural oils from various crops are used — sunflower, rapeseed, cotton, and others. Soap production technology requires the use of significant amounts of raw material, so technical (non-food) raw materials are also used, for example, paraffins.
The soaps described above perform poorly in hard water. Therefore, detergents made from synthetic products have been specially developed for hard water, for example, from alkyl sulfates (added to laundry detergent) — these are products of the reaction of sulfuric acid with complex compounds of higher alcohols.
The final products with magnesium and/or calcium salts dissolve in water, which ensures effectiveness in hard working fluids.
Ultimately, synthetic components save many thousands of tons of natural products.
