SIBUR Modernized Glycol Production SIBUR Modernized Glycol Production
The SIBUR holding company completed a modernization of its production processes at its facilities in the Central region, reducing ethylene consumption in the...
Chemical Materials in Agriculture Chemical Materials in Agriculture:
Science does not stand still, and in agriculture new fertilizers are constantly being invented — formulations to improve the quality of grown produce,...
Overview Article: Ammonium Bifluoride We have prepared an overview article on the chemical properties of Ammonium bifluoride.
The article gives a general description of ammonium bifluoride from the standpoint of chemical reactivity. It...
How to Increase the Fire Resistance of Materials?
Flame retardants are used to improve the fire resistance of materials.
Flame retardants are substances added to materials of organic origin to increase their fire-resistant properties. They slow down the combustion and ignition of the material.
The action of flame retardants is based on:
1. melting...
Classification of dangerous goods by hazard level (ADR hazard class) in Russia is based on GOST 19433-88 "Dangerous goods. Classification and labeling," introduced in 1990.
Classes of Dangerous Goods:
Class
Subclass
Name
1
explosive materials
1.1
explosives with a mass explosion hazard
1.2
explosives with no mass explosion...
Mineral Fertilizers
Everyone knows that various fertilizers, both mineral and organic, are introduced into soil to increase its fertility.
Today the market offers a huge variety of products for mineral soil enrichment. Science continually studies and invents new and new combinations of mineral components, such as potassium, phosphorus, ammonia,...
Fluorides are the general name for compounds of fluorine (F) with other elements of the periodic table.
It does not form compounds with Neon (Ne) or with Helium (He).
Fluorine Compounds Are Divided Into:
– simple — formed by two elements (also called binary compounds);
– oxyfluorides;
– hydrofluorides — a metal salt of hydrofluoric acid;
– fluorine-containing acids;
– complex fluorides.
These compounds are widespread throughout the environment and make up about 0.05% of the Earth’s crust. In nature, elemental Fluorine can occasionally be seen as gas bubbles in rock deposits.
Fluorides make up up to 2.5% of volcanic gases and are present in thermal waters (up to 3.5 mg/L). Today, the natural average amount of fluorine compounds in the atmosphere is about 0.05 µg/m3. They form during the weathering of mineral rocks, through the interaction of atmospheric air with the sea surface, and during volcanic activity.
Volcanic activity releases up to 9 million tons of fluorine-containing substances into the air each year.
Compounds over the waters of the world’s oceans contribute an annual load of fluorine-containing substances to air pollution of no more than 50 thousand tons.
Man-made fluorine pollution mainly arises from the mining and processing of aluminum ores and the production of phosphate fertilizers, as well as other industries — metallurgy, glassmaking, and others.
Fluorine compounds of almost all metals — salts of hydrofluoric acid — are crystals with high melting points.
Fluorine compounds are mainly used for fluorination, for producing fluorates, in extracting aluminum and other materials from mineral raw materials, in glass manufacturing and as a dielectric, in rocket engineering, and in uranium production.
Also known as sodium hexafluoroaluminate.
The name comes from the Greek “kryo,” meaning stone/ice.
In nature, it is a mineral with the composition Na2NaAlF6.
The overwhelming majority of cryolite is manufactured artificially — synthetically (through the reaction of aluminum sulfate and Sodium fluoride, or through the reaction of fluorosilicic acid with Al(OH)3 and Caustic soda, etc.).
This produces synthetic sodium cryolite, Potassium cryolite, and other compounds.
Fluorite (formula CaF2).
Also known as fluorspar.
Calcium fluoride is mined from rock deposits where other impurities are practically absent.
In Russia, Fluorspar is mined in Transbaikalia and in Primorsky Krai.
The main global producers are Mexico, Mongolia, South Africa, Spain, and China.
Fluorspar deposits are also found in Europe (England, Germany, and France).
The overwhelming majority of mined fluorite goes into the production of hydrofluoric acid (HF) (which is precisely why this acid’s other name is fluorspar acid/hydrofluoric acid).
The second most significant consumer industry for fluorspar is the metallurgical industry — as a smelting flux, for example potassium fluoroaluminate.
Aluminum Fluoride (formula AlF3).
This product is produced by the reaction of aluminum oxide and hydrofluoric acid.
It is used in aluminum production; as a flux component, as well as in glasses and ceramics, for electrode coatings; and as a catalyst in the synthesis of organic compounds.
For the production of artificial cryolite.
Found in nature in igneous rocks and rare minerals.
Obtained by chemical synthesis.
Used for purifying metals, in fluorination processes, in the enrichment and extraction of mineral raw materials from aluminum ores and in other production sectors. For cleaning water supply and heating systems of deposits and scale.
Lithium Fluoride (formula LiF).
Found in nature as a very rare mineral — Griceite.
Obtained by combining Lithium or its hydroxide LiOH with hydrofluoric acid or other fluorides, or their solutions.
Used in thermoluminescent dosimeters, in optics, and in electrolytes (for the synthesis of Aluminum and Fluorine).
Ammonium fluoride is used to produce compounds of other fluorides — lithium, aluminum, and others. For oil production, in glass manufacturing, and in metallurgical production.
For the artificial synthesis of amethyst crystals and others.
Potassium bifluoride is used in a very narrow sector of the defense industry and in certain metallurgical production technologies.
Potassium fluoride occurs in nature as the rare mineral carobbiite. It is used in glass manufacturing, in fluorination, for producing Potassium Bifluoride, in metallurgy, and in chemical production for the synthesis of various substances.
